The Machine-to-Machine Measurement (M3) Ontology
The Machine-to-Machine Measurement (M3) Ontology is a unified language, nomenclature, dictionnary which enables semantically annotating heterogeneous IoT data produced by heterogeneous devices measurements (sensors, RFID tags, etc.). We classify all devices, their measurements and the feature of interests (health, smart home, smart kitchen, environmental monitoring, etc.). By combining data from heterogeneous areas, we could propose new kinds of applications.
The Machine-to-Machine Measurement (M3) language can be seen as a dictionary to classify sensor types (e.g., Blood Pressure Sensor), their measurement types (e.g., body temperature) and the related units (e.g., Degree celsius). It has been implemented as an ontology. M3 is a unified language, nomenclature, dictionary which enables semantically annotating heterogeneous IoT data produced by heterogeneous devices measurements (sensors, RFID tags, etc.). We also classify IoT applicative domains as feature of interests (health, smart home, smart kitchen, environmental monitoring, etc.). By combining data from heterogeneous areas, we could propose smarter IoT applications.
Designing Cross-Domain Semantic Web of Things Applications [Gyrard et al. 2015]
Light/Illuminance Sensor, Lighting, Light switch, Luminosity Sensor, Lamp
A light sensor is used in smart home applications, etc.
E.g., a light sensor is used in smart home applications, etc. Paper: An ambient Assisted Living Framework Supporting Personnalization based on ontologies [Jacquet et al. 2012]. The light sensor is useful for robotic applications. Source: The Penetration of Internet of Things in Robotics: Towards a Web of Robotic Things [Kamilarisa et al. 2020]
Deep Learning-Based Reasoning With Multi-Ontology for IoT Applications [Liu et al. 2019]
IEC 61360 - Common Data Dictionary (CDD - V2.0014.0016) See AAA105 light sensor https://cdd.iec.ch/cdd/iec61360/iec61360.nsf/TreeFrameset?OpenFrameSet
Building Temperature
Heart Rate Sensor
E.g., heart rate can be studied for heart attack prediction. Also used in agriculture (e.g., healthy cow). Piezo Respiratory Belt Transducer used to derive the breathing rate of a person.
E.g., respiration, can be used to understand stress while driving. Source: Detecting Stress During Real-World Driving Tasks Using Physiological Sensors [Healey et al. 2005 IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems (IF: 5.744 in 2018)] Source: An Internet of Things (IoT) Application for Predicting the Quantity of Future Heart Attack Patients [Ahmed et al. International Journal of Computer Applications (IF: 3.12 in 2017)].
Breath rate
Respiration rate
Pulse wave
Breathing rate
Heart beat
Heart rate measurement, unit bpm. Useful for health projects (asthma, bariatric surgery, etc.).
Alterial pulse wave
Heart rate
Beat Per Minute (bpm)
Beat Per Minute (bpm) is the unit to measure heart rate. Beats Per Minute (BPM) is the number of heart beats per minute. Source: Useful for kHealth projects (asthma, bariatric surgery, etc.)
Weather Temperature
Weather Temperature (or air temperature or external temperature)
Air Thermometer
Outside Thermometer
Air Temperature
Air Temperature considered as outside temperature.
Outside Temperature
Weight Sensor
Weight Sensor (e.g. weighting scale form Nokia) to measure your weight in lb or kg.
Use case: ACTIVAGE Daily Activity Monitoring. CREATE-IoT H2020 Project D6.2 Recommendations for commonalities and interoperability profiles of IoT platforms [Darmois et al. 2018] Page 20
Weight
Weight is used for instance to measure the weight of the person to later compute Body Mass Index (BMI).
Kilogram
Kilogram is used for instance to measure the weight of the person to later compute Body Mass Index (BMI).
Pound
Pound is used for instance to measure the weight of the person to later compute Body Mass Index (BMI).
Food M2M Devices (sensors or actuators)
E.g., RFID attached on Food
Food M2M Devices
Food
RFID Tag embedded on food or beverage
Chlorine Sensor
Source: An ontology-based approach to integration of hilly citrus production knowledge [Wang et al. 2015]. A wearable sensor for the detection of sodium and potassium in human sweat during exercise [Pironavo et al. 2020]
Chlorine
Sodium Sensor
Sodium Sensor.
Sodium
Blood Sodium level
Copper Sensor
Copper Sensor.
Source: An ontology-based approach to integration of hilly citrus production knowledge [Wang et al. 2015].
Copper
Lithium Sensor
Lithium Sensor.
Lithium
Milligram
Milligram (e.g., useful for lithium).
Molybdenum Sensor
Molybdenum Sensor.
Molybdenum
Iron Sensor
Iron Sensor.
Iron
Zinc Sensor
Zinc Sensor.
Zinc
Blood Zinc level
Magnesium Sensor
Magnesium Sensor.
Source: An ontology-based approach to integration of hilly citrus production knowledge [Wang et al. 2015]. Recent Applications of Magnesium Chemical Sensors in Biological Samples [Algarra et al. 2015].
Magnesium
Boron Sensor
Boron measurements
Boron - useful for agriculture.
Manganese Sensor
Manganese measurements
Manganese - useful for agriculture.
Sulfur Sensor
Sulfur measurements
Sulfur - useful for agriculture.
Calcium Sensor
Calcium Sensor.
Source: A wearable sensor for the detection of sodium and potassium in human sweat during exercise [Pironavo et al. 2020]. An ontology-based approach to integration of hilly citrus production knowledge [Wang et al. 2015].
Calcium
Blood Calcium level
Potassium Sensor
Potassium Sensor.
Source: A wearable sensor for the detection of sodium and potassium in human sweat during exercise [Pironavo et al. 2020].An ontology-based approach to integration of hilly citrus production knowledge [Wang et al. 2015].
Potassium
Blood Potassium level
Nitrogen Sensor
Nitrogen
Phosphorus Sensor
Phosphorus
Hemoglobin Sensor
Hemoglobin Sensor.
Source: Smartphone-Enabled Paper-Based Hemoglobin Sensor for Extreme Point-of-Care Diagnostics [Biswas et al. 2021].
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin level
Vitamin D Sensor
Vitamin D Sensor.
Source: A Novel Electrochemical Sensor Based on Plastic Antibodies for Vitamin D3 Detection in Real Samples [Kia et al. 2019]
Vitamin D
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Sensor
The Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Sensor is designed to measure hydrogen sulfide for applications in: (1) Fixed Industrial Safety Monitoring, (2) Portable Industrial Safety Detection, (3) Portable Personal Safety Monitor, (4) Bad Breath/Halitosis Respiration Sensing.
Source: The Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Sensor is designed to measure hydrogen sulfide for applications in: (1) Fixed Industrial Safety Monitoring, (2) Portable Industrial Safety Detection, (3) Portable Personal Safety Monitor, (4) Bad Breath/Halitosis Respiration Sensing. Also see paper: SWARMs Ontology: A Common Information Model for the Cooperation of Underwater Robots [Li et al. 2017]
Magnetocardiography
Magnetocardiography (MCG) is a technique to measure the magnetic fields produced by electrical currents in the heart using extremely sensitive devices such as the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID).
Echocardiography
Source: Heart failure ontology [Jovic et al. 2011]
Pollen Level Sensor
Pollen Level
Pollen Level can be used to detect asthma symptoms. Useful for health projects (asthma, bariatric surgery, etc.).
Skin Conductance Sensor
Skin conductance is measured in units of siemens; formerly mhos).
GSR (Galvanic Skin Response)
E.g., skin conductance, can be used to understand stress while driving. Paper: Detecting Stress During Real-World Driving Tasks Using Physiological Sensors [Healey et al. 2005 IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems (IF: 5.744 in 2018)]. E.g., a human stress monitoring patch integrates three sensors of skin temperature, skin conductance, and pulsewave [Yoon et al. Nature Scientific reports 2016]. Skin conductance (measured in units of siemens; formerly mhos). The HandWave can measure skin conductance levels between 0 and 40 microsiemens (mS). Paper: The HandWave Bluetooth Skin Conductance Sensor [Strauss, Picard et al. 2005]
Stress Level Sensor
E.g., a stress sensor based on Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), and controlled by ZigBee.
Paper: A Stress Sensor Based on Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) Controlled by ZigBee [Villarejo et al. 2012, MDPI Sensors Journal]
Activity Level Sensor
Activity Level
Neuron Number sensor
Animals ranked by total number of neurons in the brain
Neuron Number
Animals ranked by total number of neurons in the brain https://theatlas.com/charts/Byju0L-r
Height Sensor
Height Sensor to measure patient's height.
Source: A food recommender system considering nutritional information and user preferences [Toledo et al. 2019]
Age Sensor
Age Sensor to evaluate patient's age. Age is used for instance to compute Body Mass Index (BMI).
Height
Height is used for instance to measure the height of the person to later compute Body Mass Index (BMI).
See SAREF4AUTO
Inch
Inch is used for instance to measure the height of the person to later compute Body Mass Index (BMI).
Centimeter
Centimeter is used for instance to measure the height of the person to later compute Body Mass Index (BMI).
Pulse Oxymeter, SpO2, Blood Oxygen Saturation Sensor, oxygen potential
Pulse oximetry is a method used to measure the concentration of oxygen in the blood.
SPO2
SPO2 measurement
Magnetic Field Sensor
Magnetic Field
Tesla
MagneticFluxDensity Sensor
Magnetic Flux Density
Magnetic Flux Sensor
Magnetic Flux Sensor.
EMagnetic Flux Sensor
MagneticFlux
MagneticFlux is measured in Weber.
Magnetic Flux is measured in Weber. Source. International System of Units: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units
Machine
Production machine is used in manufacturing (e.g., assembly line robots or industrial turbines).
Paper: An Ontology-based Approach for Failure Classification in Predictive Maintenance Using Fuzzy C-means and SWRL Rules [Cao et al. 2019]
Body Temperature
E.g., a human stress monitoring patch integrates three sensors of skin temperature, skin conductance, and pulsewave [Yoon et al. Nature Scientific reports 2016]
Skin Temperature
ECG or EKG (Electrocardiogram), Electroencephalography
Electrocardiogram (ECG), which is the most frequently applied test for measuring heart activity in Cardiology.
Source: An Ontology-based Application in Heart Electrophysiology [Goncalves et al. 2009]. An important feature which can be extracted from the ECG is the heart rate variability (HRV). Source: Towards Mood Based Mobile Services and Applications [Gluhak et al. 2007]. Electrocardiogram can be used to understand stress while driving. Source: Detecting Stress During Real-World Driving Tasks Using Physiological Sensors [Healey et al. 2005 IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems (IF: 5.744 in 2018)]
E.g., Electrocardiogram can be used to understand stress while driving. Paper: Detecting Stress During Real-World Driving Tasks Using Physiological Sensors [Healey et al. 2005 IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems (IF: 5.744 in 2018)]
Electromyogram (EMG), Electromyography
E.g., electromyogram can be used to understand emotion.
Source: DEAP: A Database for Emotion Analysis; using Physiological Signals [Koelstra et al. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing (IF: 7.170 in 2020)]. E.g., electromyogram, can be used to understand stress while driving. Paper: Detecting Stress During Real-World Driving Tasks Using Physiological Sensors [Healey et al. 2005 IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems (IF: 5.744 in 2018)]
Electrooculography (EOG), eye blinking, eye movement analysis
E.g., Electrooculography can be used to understand emotion.
E.g., Electrooculography can be used to understand emotion. DEAP: A Database for Emotion Analysis; using Physiological Signals [Koelstra et al. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing (IF: 7.170 in 2020)]
Sodar
GPS
GPS (Global Positioning System) can be found in mobile phones. GPS does not work within building or under water.
The GPS sensor is useful for robotic applications. Source: The Penetration of Internet of Things in Robotics: Towards a Web of Robotic Things [Kamilarisa et al. 2020]. E.g., the location is used personalized context-aware recommender system. Paper: Motivate: Towards Context-Aware Recommendation Mobile System for Healthy Living [Lin et al. 2011, IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (PervasiveHealth) and Workshops (Conference rank not found)]
Sonar
Sonars are used to measure distance between objects (e.g., used by underwater vehicle or robot).
Source: Overview and first year progress of the widely scalable mobile underwater sonar technology H2020 project [Indiveri et al. 2016]
Radar
Radar can measured distances over kilometers (e.g., used by drones).
Radar.
LIDAR
LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) are working much better with the sun light.
Lidar.
Lidar
Frequency Sensor
The frequency sensor measures frequency measurement is measured in Hertz.
Oscilloscope
Frequency
The frequency measurement is measured in Hertz.
Frequency measurement is measured in Hertz. Source. Wikipedia International System of Units:
Power Meter
Power meter measures power in Watt. Example: Google Power Meter
Google Power Meter
Power Consumption Meter
Power
Power consumption is measured in Watt.
Power Consumption
Power is measured in Watt. Source. International System of Units: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units
Watt (W)
Power is a measured in Watt.
Note: Watt is NOT mentionned within the Units of Measure (OM)
Energy Meter
Energy consumption is measured in kWh. Source: Efficient Building Management System Based on Ontology, Inference Rules and Simulation [Han Jeong Lee et al. 2007]. Energy measures energy/work/heat in Joule. Smart meters can calculate electricity usage, and provide information to the company to regulate power and monitor control devices.
Smart Meter
Energy Consumption Meter
Electricity Meter
Automatic reading meter
Electricity Meter, Electric Meter
Sensor to measure electricity.
Electricity, Energy electricity
Energy electricity
Energy Consumption
Energy consumption is measured in kWh, Watt Seconds WS or Joule. Source: Efficient Building Management System Based on Ontology, Inference Rules and Simulation [Han Jeong Lee et al. 2007]. Energy measure produced by an energy meter.
Energy Delivered
Energy/Work/Heat
Energy consumption as the quantity of particular forms of energy consumed in order to cover energy demands under real conditions. Source: OntoEnergy - A lightweight ontology for supporting energy-efficiency tasks [Linnenberg et al. 2013]
Joule
The joule is a unit of energy defined as kilogram times square metre divided by second squared.
Source: Units of Measure (OM) http://www.foodvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.8/joule
Washing Machine
An actuator to automatically switch on/off the washing machine.
Window Sensor
An actuator and sensor to automatically open/close the window or detect its status (0 close, 1 open).
Door Status
Door Switch
A contact sensor attached to a door gives a state Open or Close. Door status: 1-Open, O-Shut down or close.
Oven
Stove
Access Control for IoT applications
Access Control domain is mainly used to reference and classify privacy ontologies relevant for IoT within LOV4IoT.
Water Flow Sensor
Water flow sensor to detect if sinks, showers, baths or flushing are used.
Source: Semantic IoT: Intelligent Water Management for Efficient Urban Outdoor Water Conservation [Myers et al. 2017]
Sprinkler Flow Sensor
Sprinkler Sensor
Water Valve
Water Valve (Actuator).
Evapotranspiration Sensor
Evapotranspiration Sensor is the combined water loss through evaporation and transpiration.
Soil Humidity sensor, Soil moisture sensor, humidifier
Hygrometer is an instrument used for measuring the soil moisture.
SoilHumidity
Salt Meter
Can be used in the fishery domain [Xiang Su et al. 2014]
Salt meter
Salinity
Salt
Water Conductance Sensor
Water Conductance
Conductivity Sensor
Conductivity Sensor (e.g., energy or water domains)
Conductivity
Conductivity is measure in Siemens per meter (S/m). Can be water conductivity
Siemens Per Meter
The siemens per meter is the unit of conductivity.
Note: Siemens per meter is NOT within the Units of Measure (OM) http://www.foodvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.8/
Oxygen Sensor
Oxygen_Sensor
Oxygen measurements
Oxygen can be used measure air quality. Useful for health projects (asthma, bariatric surgery, etc.).
Dissolved Oxygen Sensor
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Water Quality Sensor Probe
Water Quality
Turbidity Sensor
Turbidity
PH Sensor
Water Thermometer
Water Temperature
Water M2M Devices (sensors or actuators)
E.g., water meter
Water M2M Devices
Ammonia Sensor
Ammonia Sensor (e.g., water domains)
Ammonia
Atmospheric Pressure measurement
Humidity Sensor
Hygrometer is an instrument used for measuring the moisture concent in the environment.
The humidity sensor is useful for smart home, robotic applications, agriculture, etc. Source: The Penetration of Internet of Things in Robotics: Towards a Web of Robotic Things [Kamilarisa et al. 2020]
Hygrometer
Humidifier
IEC 61360 - Common Data Dictionary (CDD - V2.0014.0016) See AAA104 humidity sensor
Humidity
Humidity measure produced by a humidity sensor.
Air Humidity Sensor
The humidity sensor is useful for smart home, robotic applications, agriculture, etc. Source: CA4IOT: Context Awareness for Internet of Things [Perera et al. 2012]
Air Humidity
Air Humidity measure produced by a air humidity sensor.
Precipitation Sensor, Pluviometer, Rainfall sensor
A pluviometer is a sensor measuring the amount of precipitation/rainfall.
Precipitation
Precipitation or rainfall measurements
Altimeter
Altimeter.
Water Meter
Sensor to measure water.
Water Metering
Intelligent Water Metering (IWM)
Brake Actuator
Brake Actuator, Brake Pedal Status: 1-Step on O-Not stepping in
Brake Pedal Status
Tracking ParkingSpace
Useful to design snmart cities and smart parkings to recommend parking to users.
Parking Space, Parking
An RFID tag is embedded on parking space to detect if they are available or not.
Kilo Meter Per Second (km/h)
km/h is used to measure speed measurements (e.g., wind speed, car speed)
Latitude
Longitude
Altitude
Energy Per Photon Sensor
Energy Per Photon Sensor, measured in ElectronVolt.
Energy Per Photon
Energy Per Photon Measurement
Electron Volt (eV)
Electron Volt (eV) is the unit to measure Energy Per Photon.
Ionizing Radiation Sensor
Ionizing Radiation Sensor, measured in Sievert.
Ionizing Radiation
Ionizing Radiation Measurement
Millisievert
Millisievert is the unit to measure Ionizing Radiation.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Sensor
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Sensor. Use case: ACTIVAGE Daily Activity Monitoring. CREATE-IoT H2020 Project D6.2 Recommendations for commonalities and interoperability profiles of IoT platforms [Darmois et al. 2018] Page 20
Carbon Monoxide (CO) measurements
Carbon Monoxide (CO) can be used measure air quality. Useful for health projects (asthma, bariatric surgery, etc.).
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Wind Speed Sensor
Anemometer
Wind Velocity Sensor
Wind Turbine
Meter Per Second (m/s)
m/s is used to measure speed measurements (e.g., wind speed)
Wind Speed
Wind Velocity
Brain M2M Devices (sensors or actuators)
Brain M2M Devices
An actuator to automatically switch on/off the television. Rule: IF m3:Power EQUAL 221 m3:Watt THEN SmartTV
Smart TV
Energy Efficient Computing: A Comparison of Raspberry PI with Modern Devices [Shah et al. 2015]
Mobile Phone
Mobile Phone can be used to understand emotion or even stress with voice data.
Android Mobile Phone
IPhone Mobile Phone
Smart Phone
Rule: IF m3:Power EQUAL 5.0 m3:Watt THEN m3:MobilePhone Source: Energy Efficient Computing: A Comparison of Raspberry PI with Modern Devices [Shah et al. 2015] Mobile Phone can be used to understand emotion or even stress with voice data [Lu et al. 2012] [Chang et al. 2011] A mobile phone contains various sensors such as accelerometers to deduce activities, etc. E.g., the phone is used to correlate the mood and phone usage. Paper: Moodscope: Building a Mood Sensor from Smartphone Usage Patterns [LiKamWa et al. 2013, ACM International conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services (MobiSys - A-Rank Conference)] Rule: IF m3:Power EQUAL 5.0 m3:Watt THEN m3:MobilePhone
Screen Sensor, Touch Screen Sensor, Screen Monitor
Touch Screen Sensor can be embedded within robots (e.g., ASTRO robot)
Paper: Improving domiciliary robotic services by integrating the ASTRO Robot in an AmIInfrastructure [Cavallo et al. 2017]
Screen
Rule: IF m3:Power EQUAL 82.0 m3:Watt THEN m3:ScreenSensor
Screen Sensor
Screen Monitor
Computer Monitor
PC Monitor
Touch Screen Sensor
Rule: IF m3:Power EQUAL 82.0 m3:Watt THEN m3:ScreenSensor Source: Energy Efficient Computing: A Comparison of Raspberry PI with Modern Devices [Shah et al. 2015]. Screen Sensor can be embedded within robots (e.g., ASTRO robot). Source: Improving domiciliary robotic services by integrating the ASTRO Robot in an AmIInfrastructure [Cavallo et al. 2017]
Tablet
An actuator to automatically switch on/off the tablet (IPhone, Android). Rule: IF m3:Power EQUAL 221 m3:Watt THEN SmartTV
Computer
An actuator to automatically switch on/off the laptop. Rule: IF m3:Power EQUAL 50 m3:Watt THEN m3:Laptop
Laptop
Raspberry PI (Model B)
An actuator to automatically switch on/off the Raspberry PI. Rule: IF m3:Power EQUAL 2.25 m3:Watt THEN m3:RaspberryPI
Telephone
An actuator to automatically switch on/off the Telephone.
Thermal Conductivity Sensor
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Conductivity is measured in Watt Per Meter Kelvin (W/mK).
Watt Per Meter Kelvin (W/mK)
The Watt Per Meter Kelvin is the unit of thermal conductivity.
Note: Watt Per Meter Kelvin is NOT within the Units of Measure (OM) http://www.foodvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.8/
Electrical Current Sensor
Electrical Sensor measures current consumption in Ampere.
Amperemeter
Ampere (A)
The ampere is a unit of electric current defined as the constant current that produces an attractive force of newton per metre of length between two straight, parallel conductors of infinite length and negligible circular cross section placed one metre apart in a vacuum.
Note: Ampere is within the Units of Measure (OM) http://www.foodvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.8/ampere
Electric Current
Electric Current consumption is measured in Ampere.
Luminous Efficacy Sensor
Luminous Efficacy
Luminous Flux is measured in Lumen per Watt. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_efficacy
Lumen per Watt (lm/W)
The lumen per Watt (lm/W) is a unit of luminous efficacy. A measurement of luminous efficacy, which is the light output in lumens using one watt of electricity. The higher the number, the less costly to run the lights.
Lumen per Watt NOT FOUND within the Units of Measure (OM)
Clutch Pedal
Clutch pedal status: 1-Step on O-Not stepping in
Vehicle Direction
Vehicle direction status: direction offset angle degree
Accelerator Pedal Status
Accelerator pedal status: 1-Step on O-Not stepping in
Parking Brake Status
Parking brake status: 1-Pull up O-Lay down
Gear
Gear status: Gear value: 0/1/2/3/4
Wiper
Wiper switch status: 1-Open 0-Shut down
Seat belt tension actuator (on/off)
seat belt status: 1-Buckle on O-Unbuttoned
Car Speed Sensor
Speed Sensor used in a car. Engine speed status: engine speed value
Speedometer
Engine Speed Sensor
Velocity
Speed
Engine speed status: engine speed value
Illuminance/Luminosity
Illuminance is measured in Lux. Illuminance is the total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area.
Illuminance is measured in Lux. Source. International System of Units: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units
Lux (lx)
Lux is the unit of illuminance (light).
Note: lux is NOT within the Units of Measure (OM) http://www.foodvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.8/
Ultrasonic sensor
Ultrasonic sensors are used to deduce human posture in smart home for example. smart waste bin is based on ultrasonic-level sensor and various gas sensors which automatically sense the hazardous gases and the maximum limit of waste.
An IoT-based waste management system monitored by cloud [Misra et al. 2018]
Methane (CH4) Sensor
The lack of space available for this method and strong presence of methane and other landfill gases.
Methane
Waste Management Sensor
Intelligent Waste Management
Intelligent Waste Management as an Internet of Things (IoT) applicative domain. Garbage containers can be monitored to optimize the waste management and the trash collection route. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project. E.g., the BURBA project is about Bottom-up selection, collection and management of URBAn waste.
Waste Management
Waste M2M Devices (sensors or actuators)
o classify sensors for waste management.
To classify sensors for waste management. Example: Gas sensor analyse the gas emission from the waste dumps.
Gas Detector
A gas meter is a meter, used to measure the volume of fuel gases such as natural gas and propane. Gas meters are used at residential, commercial, and industrial buildings that consume fuel gas supplied by a gas utility. Gas sensors analyse the gas emission from the waste dumps.
The gas sensor is useful for smart home, energy, and robotic applications. Source: A Semantic Integration of Waste Management Components - An Ontology Based Approach [Kalpana et al. 2015]. Source: The Penetration of Internet of Things in Robotics: Towards a Web of Robotic Things [Kamilarisa et al. 2020]
Gas Meter
Gas Metering
Gas
Heating
Heating sensor and/or an actuator to automatically switch on/off the heating. Example: Kamstrup heat meters
HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning)
Ventilation
A sensor and/or actuator to automatically open/close the ventilation.
Fan
Air conditioner
An actuator to automatically switch on/off the air conditioner.
Cooling
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Sensor
Sulfur Dioxide measurements
Sulfur Dioxide can be used measure air quality. Useful for health projects (asthma, bariatric surgery, etc.).
PPB
PPB is a unit used to measure SO2, NO2, O3 in USA.
PM 2.5 Sensor
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_index#Europe
PM 2.5
Ozone (O3) Level Sensor
Gas sensors detect levels of ozone (O3). This sensor has been referenced within the OpenIoT project.
Ozone measurements
Ozone can be used measure air quality. Useful for health projects (asthma, bariatric surgery, etc.).
PM 10 Sensor
PM 10
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Sensor
Gas sensor detect levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2). This sensor has been referenced within the OpenIoT project.
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Measurement
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Measurement is measured in Pollutant (hourly) concentration in milligram per meter cube.
Milligram Per Meter Cube
Milligram Per Meter Cube is a unit used to measure Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), PM10, O3, PM2.5.
Air Pollutant Sensor, Air Quality Sensor, Air Pollution
Air Pollutant Sensors are used to monitor environment. Useful for health projects (asthma, bariatric surgery, etc.).
The air quality sensor is useful for smart home, health applications, etc.
Air Quality Index
Air Quality Index can be used to detect asthma symptoms. Useful for health projects (asthma, bariatric surgery, etc.).
European Air Quality Index (EAQI)
PPM (parts per million)
PPM (parts per million) is a unit used to measure Carbon Dioxide (CO2) sensor level.
Solar Radiation Sensor
PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) Sensor, unit watts per square meter (w/m2)
PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) Sensor
Sun Light
Solar Irradiance
Solar Panel
Photovoltaic
Solar Radiation
Solar Radiation Measurement
PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) Measurement
Watt par meter square
Unit to measure solar radiation
Geothermal Heat Pump
Water Heater
Water Tank
Room
Grass Mover
Source: Ontology for home energy management domain [Shah et al. 2011]
Leaf Blower
Cyber Physical System (CPS) M2M Devices (sensors or actuators)
E.g., valve. Source: Internet of Things Ontology for Digital Twin in Cyber Physical Systems [Steinmetz et al. 2018]
Valve Actuator
Valve Actuator. Source: Internet of Things Ontology for Digital Twin in Cyber Physical Systems [Steinmetz et al. 2018]
Length
Width
Size
Shape
Heading
Radioactivity Sensor
Radioactivity Sensor measures radioactivity measured in Becquerel.
Radioactivity
Radioactivity is measured in Becquerel. Source: Wikipedia International System of Units.
Becquerel
Becquerel is a unit of activity defined as the activity of a quantity of radioactive material in which one nucleus decays per second. Algebraically it is defined as 1 divided by second.
Becquerel is within the Units of Measure (OM)
Electric Charge Sensor
Electric Charge Sensor measures electric charge measured in Coulomb.
Charge Meter
Electric Charge
Electric Charge is measured in Coulomb.
Electric Charge is measured in Coulomb. Source: Wikipedia International System of Units
Coulomb
Coulomb is within the Units of Measure (OM)
Capacitance Sensor
Capacitance Meter
Capacitance
Capacitance (measured in Farad) is the ability of a body to store an electric charge.
Capacitance is measured in Farad. Source: Wikipedia International System of Units:
Farad
The farad is a unit of capacitance defined as ampere times second divided by volt = coulomb divided by volt = coulomb squared divided by joule = coulomb squared divided by newton times metre = second squared times coulomb squared divided by square metre times kilogram = second to the power 4 times ampere squared divided by square metre times kilogram.
Farad is described within the Units of Measure (OM)
Robot Cleaner (e.g., Roomba)
Robot Cleaner.
Honk (e.g., car's konk)
Honk
Presence detector
Infrared sensor are used to detect human location. Used in iPhone4 to detect whtn the user holds the phone to her face to speak to diable touchscreen.
E.g., a presence sensor is used in daily life applications. Source: An ambient Assisted Living Framework Supporting Personnalization based on ontologies [Jacquet et al. 2012]. The occupancy sensor is useful for robotic applications. Source: The Penetration of Internet of Things in Robotics: Towards a Web of Robotic Things [Kamilarisa et al. 2020]
motion sensor
Pyroelectric IR (PIR) Occupancy Detector
Intrusion Detector
Trespassing
Infrared Sensor
Proximity sensor
Occupancy
Infrared motion detector
IEC 61360 - Common Data Dictionary (CDD - V2.0014.0016) See AAA109 proximity sensor
Timer, Clock
Timer
Clock
Time and duration means something for the user: It's weekend, I feel relaxed or It's the 8 o'clock humor "stay in bed". Source: Ontology based affective context representation [Benta et al. 2007]
Glucometer
E.g., blood sugar can be studied for heart attack prediction.
Source: Paper: An Internet of Things (IoT) Application for Predicting the Quantity of Future Heart Attack Patients [Ahmed et al. International Journal of Computer Applications (IF: 3.12 in 2017)]
Blood sugar
Blood glucose level
Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)
Cholesterol
E.g., cholesterol can be studied for heart attack prediction.
Blood Glucose Level
E.g., blood sugar can be studied for heart attack prediction. Paper: An Internet of Things (IoT) Application for Predicting the Quantity of Future Heart Attack Patients [Ahmed et al. International Journal of Computer Applications (IF: 3.12 in 2017)]
Blood sugar level
Cholesterol Sensor
Body Position Sensor
Body Position Sensor used for sleep analysis. Exploratory Analysis of Human Sleep Data [Laxminarayan et al. 2004]
Photometer
Photometers are used to collect data about the magnitude of the light emitted in a given area and to analyse such data.
See STARS4ALL project and SAREF4ENVI.
TESS (Telescope Encoder and Sky Sensor)
Lamppost
Lamppost can emit excessive or incorrect light that could be adapted in smart cities.
See STARS4ALL project.
Gripper
Gripper is used in manufacturing.
The role of foundational ontologies in manufacturing domain applications [Borgo et al. 2004]
Shaver
Shaver is used in manufacturing.
ETSI TS 103 410-5 V1.1.2 (2020-05) SmartM2M; Extension to SAREF; Part 5: Industry and Manufacturing Domains
Laser Cutting Machine
Laser cutting machine is used in manufacturing.
Mover
Mover is used in manufacturing.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sensor
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sensor. Use case: ACTIVAGE Daily Activity Monitoring. CREATE-IoT H2020 Project D6.2 Recommendations for commonalities and interoperability profiles of IoT platforms [Darmois et al. 2018] Page 20
Nuclear Sensor
IEC 61360 - Common Data Dictionary (CDD - V2.0014.0016) See AAA107 nuclear sensor
Electroencephalogram (EEG) (e.g., Emotiv EEG, OpenVibe, OpenEEG)
Electroencephalography (EEG) measures the electrical activity from the skull can be the most direct way to measure cognitive and emotional changes, but EEC signals are complex and require much processing. E.g., Electroencephalogram can be used to understand emotion. emotiv.com for EEG has 14 salines sensors following EEG 10-20 standard scalp locations: AF3, AF4, F3, F4, F7, F8, FC5, FC6, P3 (CMS), P4 (DRL), P7, P8, T7, T8, O1 and O2. neurosky.com is another EEG.
Electroencephalography (EEG) provides a means of accessing and recording neural activity, allowing a computer to retrieve and analyse information from the brainwave patterns produce by thought. EEG has a much greater temporal resolution (allows millisecond- accuracy), however functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides a much finer spatial resolution. Source: Emotions ontology for collaborative modelling and learning of emotional responses [Gil et al. 2015] Source: DEAP: A Database for Emotion Analysis; using Physiological Signals [Koelstra et al. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing (IF: 7.170 in 2020)]
Smart Watch (E.g., Pebble, Fitbit)
E.g., Smart Watch (e.g., Pebble, Fitbit) can track activity and detect happiness.
Paper: Making you Happy Makes me Happy- Measuring Individual Mood with Smartwatches [Budner et al. 2017]
Snoring Level Sensor
Snoring Level (e.g., sleeping disorder, etc.).
Distance Sensor, safety distance, laser
Distance Sensor to detect the distance with other cars (it can be a laser).
Emergency Push Button
Emergency push buttons can be embedded within robots (e.g., ASTRO robot).
Paper: Improving domiciliary robotic services by integrating the ASTRO Robot in an AmIInfrastructure [Cavallo et al. 2017]. Emergency Push Button. Use case: ACTIVAGE Daily Activity Monitoring. CREATE-IoT H2020 Project D6.2 Recommendations for commonalities and interoperability profiles of IoT platforms [Darmois et al. 2018] Page 20
Ultrasound Sensor
UltrasoundSensor can be embedded within robots (e.g., ASTRO robot)
Spongy Textile Sensor
Spongy Textile Sensor can be embedded within robots (e.g., ASTRO robot)
ABS Cover Sensor
ABS Cover Sensor can be embedded within robots (e.g., ASTRO robot)
Handle Sensor
Handle Sensor can be embedded within robots (e.g., ASTRO robot)
IMU Sensor
IMU Sensor can be embedded within robots (e.g., ASTRO robot)
Speaker Sensor
Speaker Sensor can be embedded within robots (e.g., ASTRO robot)
Glove Box
GloveBox can be embedded within robots (e.g., ASTRO robot)
Bumper
Bumper can be embedded within robots (e.g., ASTRO robot)
Color LEDs
Color LEDs can be embedded within robots (e.g., ASTRO robot)
Microphone, Sound Sensor, Noise level Sensor, Volume Sensor
Microphone can be used to understand emotion or even stress with voice data [Lu et al. 2012] [Chang et al. 2011]. Microphone can be embedded within robots (e.g., ASTRO robot)
Microphone
Sound Sensor
Noise level Sensor
Volume Sensor
IEC 61360 - Common Data Dictionary (CDD - V2.0014.0016) See AAA159 microphone https://cdd.iec.ch/cdd/iec61360/iec61360.nsf/TreeFrameset?OpenFrameSet
Transport M2M Devices (sensors or actuators)
Accelerometer, Motion detector/Sensor, Movement Sensor, Activity Sensor
In iPhone 4, accelerometers are used to automatically determine the orientation in which the user is holding the phone (portrait or landscape).
The accelerometer sensor can be used to detect stress level [Garcia Ceja et al. Emotion 2016]. An inertial sensor measures the acceleration and angular velocity of an object along three mutually perpendicular axes. The accelerometer sensor is also useful for robotic, smart cars, and smart home applications. Source: AUTOPILOT EU Project. Source: The Penetration of Internet of Things in Robotics: Towards a Web of Robotic Things [Kamilarisa et al. 2020]
Accelerometer
Inertial Sensor
Vibration Sensor
Vibration sensor. Road-pavement vibration can be measured using three CEF C3M01 accelerometer vibration sensors.
Source: Making Sense of Sensor Data Using Ontology: A Discussion for Road Vehicle Classification [Stocker et al. 2012]
Fog lamp
The actuator fog lamp (on/off)
Puddle Detector
Source: AUTOPILOT EU Project
Roadside Water Level Sensor
Roadside Water Level Sensor.
Water level
Water level monitoring measured
Camera, Stereo Camera
Camera can be used to recognize emotion (e.g., head movement, facial expression, eye blink). It is also used for video surveillance, to detect presence in a home, etc.
The video camera sensor is useful for smart home, smart cars, robotic applications, etc. Source: The Penetration of Internet of Things in Robotics: Towards a Web of Robotic Things [Kamilarisa et al. 2020]
Pressure sensor (e.g., bed), bed occupancy, mattress sensor
A pressure sensor can be attached on the chair or the bed to infer if the user is lying, sleeping, sitting, etc.
The pressure sensor is useful for robotic applications. Source: The Penetration of Internet of Things in Robotics: Towards a Web of Robotic Things [Kamilarisa et al. 2020]
IEC 61360 - Common Data Dictionary (CDD - V2.0014.0016) See AAA108 pressure sensor
Alcohol Level Sensor
Visibility Sensor
Visibility sensor to detect fog
Snow Chains
The actuator Snow chains (on/off)
ESP (Electronic Stability Program)
The actuator ESP (on/off)
ABS (Anti-lock braking system)
The actuator ABS (on/off)
Fuel Level Sensor
Throttle Position Sensor
Vehicle count sensor
Number of car to manage traffic jam
Risk Management
Risk Management domain is mainly used to reference and classify risk management ontologies relevant for IoT within LOV4IoT.
Drone
Source: Paper: Building a web of things with avatars [Medini et al. 2016]
Agribot
Degree celsius
The degree Celsius is a unit of temperature defined as 1 kelvin.
Note: degree_Celsius is within the Units of Measure (OM) http://www.foodvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.8/degree_Celsius
Degree fahrenheit
The degree Fahrenheit is a unit of temperature defined as 5.555556e-1 kelvin.
Note: degree_Fahrenheit is within the Units of Measure (OM) http://www.foodvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.8/degree_Fahrenheit
Degree Kelvin
Kelvin is a unit of measurement for temperature.
Note: degree_kelvin is NOT within the Units of Measure (OM) http://www.foodvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.8/
Kilo Watt Hour
Unit to measure electricity by electricity meter devices
Note: KiloWatthour is within the Units of Measure (OM) http://www.foodvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.8/kilowatt_hour
Magnetic sensor, magnetometer sensor
Magnetic sensors are attached to cupboards to deduce if they are opened or closed
Electromagnetic Sensor
Inductance Sensor
Inductance Sensor measured inductance in Henry unit.
Inductance Meter
Inductance
Inductance is measured in Henry.
Inductance is measured in Henry. Source. International System of Units: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units
Henry
The henry is a unit of inductance defined as square metre times kilogram divided by second squared times ampere squared = weber divided by ampere = volt second divided by ampere = (joule divided by coulomb) times second divided by (coulomb divided by second) = joule times second squared divided by coulomb squared = square metre times kilogram divided by coulomb squared.
Note: Henry is within the Units of Measure (OM) http://www.foodvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.8/henry
Pascal
The pascal is a unit of pressure and stress defined as newton divided by square metre = joule divided by cubic metre = kilogram divided by metre second squared.
Note: pascal is within the Units of Measure (OM) http://www.foodvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.8/pascal
Newton
The Newton is a unit of pressure.
bar
The bar is a unit of pressure defined as 100 000 .
Note: bar is within the Units of Measure (OM) http://www.foodvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.8/bar
Hertz
The hertz is a unit of frequency defined as 1 divided by second.
Note: Hertz is within the Units of Measure (OM) http://www.foodvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.8/hertz
Weber
The weber is a unit of magnetic flux defined as kilogram times square metre divided by second squared times ampere = volt times second = joule divided by ampere.
Note: Weber is within the Units of Measure (OM) http://www.foodvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.8/weber
Electrical Conductance Sensor
Electrical Conductance Sensor.
Conductivity Meter
Electrical Conductance
Electrical Conductance is measured in Siemens.
Electrical Conductance is measured in Siemens. Source. International System of Units: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units
Siemens
The siemens is a unit of electrical conductance defined as 1 divided by ohm = ampere divided by volt = coulomb squared times second divided by kilogram times square metre = ampere squared times second to the power 3 divided by kilogram times square metre.
Note: Siemens is within the Units of Measure (OM) http://www.foodvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.8/siemens
Electrical Resistance Sensor
Electrical Resistance Sensor. Synonyms: Resistance, impedence, reactance.
Ohmmeter
Electrical Resistance
The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is the opposition to the passage of an electric current through that conductor. Synonyms: Resistance, impedence, reactance
Electrical Resistance is measured in Ohm. Source. International System of Units: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units
Ohm
The ohm is a unit of electrical resistance defined as volt divided by ampere = square metre times kilogram divided by second to the power 3 times ampere squared.
Note: Ohm is within the Units of Measure (OM) http://www.foodvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.8/ohm
Electrical Potential Sensor
Electrical Potential Sensor produces Electrical Potential, Electric potential difference (Voltage) which is measured in Volt.
Voltmeter
Electric potential difference
Voltage Sensor
Electric field potential
Potential drop
Electrostatic potential
Electrical Potential
Electrical Potential, Electric potential difference (Voltage) is measured in Volt.
Voltage
Electrical Potential is measured in Volt. Source. International System of Units: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units
Volt
Volt is the unit of electrical potential.
Note: Volt is NOT within the Units of Measure (OM) http://www.foodvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.8/
Luminous Flux Sensor
Luminous Flux
Luminous Flux is the measure of the perceived power of light.
Luminous Flux is measured in Lumen. Source. International System of Units: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units
Lumen (lm)
The lumen is a unit of luminous flux defined as candela times steradian = lux times square metre.
Lumen is within the Units of Measure (OM) http://www.foodvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.8/lumen
Pressure
Pressure can be measured in Bar, Pascal or Newton
Pressure is measured in Pascal. Source. Wikipedia International System of Units
Trust for IoT applications
Trust domain is mainly used to reference and classify privacy ontologies relevant for IoT within LOV4IoT.
Physical Sensor
Sensor used to monitor environment (temperature, humidity, etc.) or other domains such as smart healthcare (glucose level).
IEC 61360 - Common Data Dictionary (CDD - V2.0014.0016) See AAA103 sensor
Thermometer
The thermometer sensor is useful for smart home, robotic applications, etc.
The thermometer sensor is useful for smart home, robotic applications, etc. Source: The Penetration of Internet of Things in Robotics: Towards a Web of Robotic Things [Kamilarisa et al. 2020]
IEC 61360 - Common Data Dictionary (CDD - V2.0014.0016) See AAA110 temperature sensor
Lamp
An actuator to automatically switch on/off the lamp.
IEC 61360 - Common Data Dictionary (CDD - V2.0014.0016) See AAA075 lamp https://cdd.iec.ch/cdd/iec61360/iec61360.nsf/TreeFrameset?OpenFrameSet
Battery
IEC 61360 - Common Data Dictionary (CDD - V2.0014.0016) See AAA017 battery
Agriculture M2M Devices (sensors or actuators)
AgricultureM2MDevice
Air Quality M2M Devices (sensors or actuators)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) measurements
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) can be used measure air quality. Useful for health projects (asthma, bariatric surgery, etc.).
Gaseous Pollutant Sensor
NH3 Sensor, Ammonia
NH3_Sensor
Nitrogen Oxide (NO) Sensor, Nitric Oxyde
Nitrogen Oxide (NO) Sensor
Nitrogen Oxide
Nitrogen Oxide measurement
Ammonia NH3 measurement
Air Quality
Air Quality domain is mainly used to reference and classify air quality ontologies relevant for IoT within LOV4IoT.
Leaf Wetness Sensor
Leaf Wetness
Atmospheric Pressure Sensor, Barometer, Barometric Pressure Sensor
A barometer is a scientific instrument used im meteorology to measure atmospheric pressure.
Irrigation actuator
Irrigation actuator automatically irrigates or not. It can comprise a watering gun and a watering valve.
Smoke Detector, Fire Alarm, Smoke Sensor
The smoke sensor is useful for robotic applications or daily life applications. Source: The Penetration of Internet of Things in Robotics: Towards a Web of Robotic Things [Kamilarisa et al. 2020]. Use case: ACTIVAGE Daily Activity Monitoring. CREATE-IoT H2020 Project D6.2 Recommendations for commonalities and interoperability profiles of IoT platforms [Darmois et al. 2018] Page 20
Smoke detectors can detect if there is a fire, the smoke.
produces
A device (e.g., Thermometer) produces measurements (e.g., temperature).
Temperature
By defaut, Air temperature
Room Temperature
Feature of Interest
A Feature of Interest is for us a concept to classify IoT domains such as smart home, healthcare, etc.
Smoke
Smoke measurement produced by a smoke sensor.
Price
Presence
A person is in the room or not.
Movement
Motion, Acceleration
Vibration
Unit
Unit of measurements (e.g, Degree celsius for temperature). Ideally each unit much be found in exiting unit ontologies (e.g., QUDT, OM, etc.). See the LOV4IoT unit ontology catalog to find more unit ontologies (http://lov4iot.appspot.com/?p=lov4iot-unit).
Measurement Type
Measurement type can be temperature, speed, etc.
Measurement
Actuator
Actuator is used to open/close a door, switch on/off the lights, adjust the temperature, etc.
M2M Device
M2M device is designed to classify sensors, actuators, RFID tags, controllers and transducers
Manufacturing or Industry M2M Devices (sensors or actuators)
E.g., gripper, mover
Energy or Smart Grid M2M Devices (sensors or actuators)
E.g., thermometer or energy meter
Seisometer
Seisometer is used to detect a tsunami. See Paper: An Ontological Representation for Tsunami Early Warning System [Ramar et al. 2012]
Shake Sensor
Shake sensors can deduce the quality of the road, earthquakes.
Tide Gauge
Tide Gauge is used to detect a tsunami. See Paper: An Ontological Representation for Tsunami Early Warning System [Ramar et al. 2012]
Bottom Pressure Recorders (BPR)
Bottom Pressure Recorders (BPR) is used to detect a tsunami. See Paper: An Ontological Representation for Tsunami Early Warning System [Ramar et al. 2012]
Fitbit Sensor
Fitbit sensor or other acivity wristband provides heart rate measurement in bpm (beat per minute).
Smart Fork Sensor (e.g., Hapifork), Eating activity sensor
Smart fork sensor monitors eating habits.
Toothbrush
Toothbrush monitors tooth washing habits.
Fall Detector
Fall detectors to detect if elderly people falls.
Gait Sensor, Tread Sensor
Gait Sensor to understand the way people walk.
Chair
Wheelchair
Rehabilitation Device
Privacy for IoT applications
Privacy domain is mainly used to reference and classify privacy ontologies relevant for IoT within LOV4IoT.
Smart Home - Building Automation - Smart Building - Domotic
Smart home as an Internet of Things (IoT) applicative domain. Monitoring the energy usage throughout the building helps to optimize resource consumption and reduce waste. Monitoring the equipment in the buildings such as HVAC, Elevators, etc. and fixing problems early improves the satisfaction of occupants. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
Web of Things (WoT) Architecture. W3C Recommendation 9 April 2020 https://www.w3.org/TR/2020/REC-wot-architecture-20200409/
Home, Building
Monitoring the energy usage throughout the building helps to optimize resource consumption and reduce waste. Monitoring the equipment in the buildings such as HVAC, Elevators, etc. and fixing problems early improves the satisfaction of occupants.
Healthcare M2M Devices (sensors or actuators)
City M2M Devices (sensors or actuators)
E.g., Photometers are relevant for smart cities. Monitoring of Bridges, Dams, Levees, Canals for material condition, deterioration, vibrations discovers maintenance repair work and prevents significant damage. Monitoring of highways and providing appropriate signage ensures optimized traffic flow. Smart Parking is optimizing and tracking the usage and availability of parking spaces and automates billing/reservations. Smart control of street lights based on presence detection, weather predictions, etc. reduces cost.
Smart City
Smart City as an Internet of Things (IoT) applicative domain. Monitoring of Bridges, Dams, Levees, Canals for material condition, deterioration, vibrations discovers maintenance repair work and prevents significant damage. Monitoring of highways and providing appropriate signage ensures optimized traffic flow. Smart Parking is optimizing and tracking the usage and availability of parking spaces and automates billing/reservations. Smart control of street lights based on presence detection, weather predictions, etc. reduces cost. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
Advanced Manufacturing, Industry 4.0, Smart Factory, Connected Manufacturing
Advanced Manufacturing in North America, Industry 4.0 in Europe (according to the Paper: Manufacturing Analytics and Industrial Internet of Things [Lade et al. 2017]). Smart factory enables predictions of machine failures and early discovery of anomalies to prevent costly downtime and maintenance efforts. Detecting the presence of poisonous gases, excessive noise or heat increases the safety of the workers and reduces the risks of incidents or accidents. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
Logistics, Supply Chain
Logistics, Supply Chain. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
Healthcare
Healthcare as an Internet of Things (IoT) applicative domain. Remote patient monitoring mitigates the risk of undetected critical situations for elderly people and patients after hospitalization. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
Environment (Earthquake, Flooding, Fire, Pollution)
Environment as an Internet of Things (IoT) applicative domain. Monitoring of air pollution, water pollution and other environmental risk factors such as fine dust, ozone, volatile organic compound, radioactivity, temperature, humidity to detect critical environment conditions can prevent unrecoverable health or environment damages. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
Pollution
Pollution as an Internet of Things (IoT) applicative domain. Monitoring of air pollution risk factors such as fine dust, ozone, volatile organic compound to detect critical environment conditions can prevent unrecoverable health or environment damages. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
Transport - Smart Car - Connected Car - Vehicle - Intelligent Transport System (ITS)
Smart Car as an Internet of Things (IoT) applicative domain. Monitoring of operation status, prediction of service needs optimizes maintenance needs and costs. Driver safety is notified using an early warning system for critical road and traffic conditions. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
Agriculture - Smart farm - Precision agriculture (PA) - Precision Farming
Agriculture or Smart farm as an Internet of Things (IoT) applicative domain. Soil condition monitoring and creating optimal plans for watering, fertilizing as well as monitoring the produce conditions optimize the quality and output of agricultural produce. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
Electric Vehicle Charging
Elevator, Lift
Elevator in smart buildings.
Tensiometer
Soil Tensiometer. Use case: Agriculture
Alarm System, Security Sensor, Alarm
An actuator to automatically switch on/off the alarm system.
Alarm System
Dish Washer
An actuator to automatically switch on/off the dishwasher.
Hydrophone
A hydrophone is a microphone designed to be used underwater for recording or listening to underwater sound.
Water Management, Irrigation Systems
Water as an Internet of Things (IoT) applicative domain: Water Management, Irrigation Systems. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
Water Quantity
WaterQuantity, unit ounce or liter. Useful for health projects (asthma, bariatric surgery, etc.).
Tensiometer.
Tensiometer. Use case: ACTIVAGE Daily Activity Monitoring. CREATE-IoT H2020 Project D6.2 Recommendations for commonalities and interoperability profiles of IoT platforms [Darmois et al. 2018] Page 20
Coagulometer
Coagulometer.
Coagulometer. Use case: ACTIVAGE Daily Activity Monitoring. CREATE-IoT H2020 Project D6.2 Recommendations for commonalities and interoperability profiles of IoT platforms [Darmois et al. 2018] Page 20
Milk Sensor
Wheezometer
Wheezometer automatically detects coughs and counts coughing events by detecting both high and low frequency mechanical vibrations in the tracheal area, and then tracking their severity and duration. Useful for health projects (asthma, obesity, etc.)
Spirometer
Spirometer is an instrument for measuring the air capacity of the lungs. A spirometer measures ventilation, the movement of air into and out of the lungs. here are various types of spirometers which use a number of different methods for measurement (pressure transducers, ultrasonic, water gauge). Useful for health projects (asthma, obesity, etc.).
Peak Flow Meter
Peak Flow Meter is used to measure how well air moves out of your lungs. Measuring your peak flow using this meter is an important part of managing asthma symptoms and preventing an asthma attack. Useful for health projects (asthma, obesity, etc.).
Pedometer
Pedometer to count the number of steps (e.g, Google Fit application on your mobile phone advises you 1000 steps per day).
Robotic M2M Devices (sensors or actuators)
Useful to reference all sensors relevant for robotics (see also Internet of Robotic Things).
Chemical Sensor
The chemical sensor is useful for robotic applications. Source: The Penetration of Internet of Things in Robotics: Towards a Web of Robotic Things [Kamilarisa et al. 2020]
RFID Tag
RFID tags can be attached to food to design a smart fridge, to CDs for music recommendation, to DVDs for movie recommendation, on animals etc.
RFID tags are widely used by retailers and manufacturers for inventory management. The RFID tag is useful for robotic applications. Source: The Penetration of Internet of Things in Robotics: Towards a Web of Robotic Things [Kamilarisa et al. 2020]
Gyrometer Sensor
A gyrometer is an instrument which measures an angular speed.
The gyrometer sensor is useful for robotic applications. Source: The Penetration of Internet of Things in Robotics: Towards a Web of Robotic Things [Kamilarisa et al. 2020]
Gyroscope Sensor
A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintening orientation. In a home it can be attached to a broom, mop, etc. Used in iPhone 4.
Snoring Level
Snoring Level. Useful for kHealth projects (e.g., sleeping disorder etc.) at Kno.e.sis.
Normal Snoring Level
Normal Snoring Level. Useful for kHealth projects (e.g., sleeping disorder etc.) at Kno.e.sis.
Mild Snoring Level
Mild Snoring Level. Useful for kHealth projects (e.g., sleeping disorder etc.) at Kno.e.sis.
Moderate Snoring Level
Moderate Snoring Level. Useful for kHealth projects (e.g., sleeping disorder etc.) at Kno.e.sis.
Severe Snoring Level
Severe Snoring Level. Useful for kHealth projects (e.g., sleeping disorder etc.) at Kno.e.sis.
Skin Conductance
Skin conductance (measured in units of siemens; formerly mhos). The HandWave can measure skin conductance levels between 0 and 40 microsiemens (mS). Paper: The HandWave Bluetooth Skin Conductance Sensor [Strauss, Picard et al. 2005]. E.g., skin conductance, can be used to understand stress while driving. Paper: Detecting Stress During Real-World Driving Tasks Using Physiological Sensors [Healey et al. 2005 IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems (IF: 5.744 in 2018)] Finger electrodes used to measure the electro dermal response or activity of a person.
Electrodermal activity (also known as skin conductance or galvanic skin response) directly correlates to the sympathetic nervous system activity and thus provides a powerful tool for monitoring arousal and certain aspects of autonomic regulation.
Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)
Electrodermal activity
E.g., skin conductance, can be used to understand stress while driving. Paper: Detecting Stress During Real-World Driving Tasks Using Physiological Sensors [Healey et al. 2005 IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems (IF: 5.744 in 2018)]
Body Thermometer
Body Thermometer to deduce body temperature and send notification if you have fever. Skin temperature sensor used to measure skin temperature.
Skin Thermometer
Skin Temperature Sensor
Water Bottle Sensor
Water bottle sensor provides heart rate measurement in bpm (beat per minute).
Peak Flow
The peak expiratory flow (PEF), also called peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) is a person's maximum speed of expiration, as measured with a peak flow meter, a small, hand-held device used to monitor a person's ability to breathe out air. Peak expiratory flow is typically measured in units of liters per minute (L/min). Useful for kHealth projects (asthma, bariatric surgery, etc.) at Kno.e.sis.
Affective Science, Affective Computing, Emotion, Mood, Emotional State, Brain Wave, Happiness, etc.
Affective Science as an Internet of Things (IoT) applicative domain. Useful to: 1) classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project, 2) classify sensors for emotion with Sensor-based Linked Open Rules (S-LOR) demos, and 3) within the cross-domain well-being IoT recommender system for happiness.
Location, Position
E.g., the location (latitude and longitude) or position is used personalized context-aware recommender system. Paper: Motivate: Towards Context-Aware Recommendation Mobile System for Healthy Living [Lin et al. 2011, IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (PervasiveHealth) and Workshops (Conference rank not found)]
Blood Pressure Sensor
E.g., blood pressure can be studied for heart attack prediction. Blood Volume Pulse (BVP) is an optical device that measures the amount of blood flowing through an extremity, and records changes in it. With this, the Heart Rate (HR), and other heart related variables, such as the Heart Rate Variability can be inferred.
Source: An Internet of Things (IoT) Application for Predicting the Quantity of Future Heart Attack Patients [Ahmed et al. International Journal of Computer Applications (IF: 3.12 in 2017)]
Blood Volume Pressure
Blood Volume Pulse (BVP)
Blood Pressure
E.g., blood pressure can be studied for heart attack prediction. Paper: An Internet of Things (IoT) Application for Predicting the Quantity of Future Heart Attack Patients [Ahmed et al. International Journal of Computer Applications (IF: 3.12 in 2017)]
Systolic Pressure Sensor
Systolic Blood pressure
Diastolic Pressure Sensor
Diastolic Blood pressure
Liter Per Minute (L/min)
Liter Per Minute (L/min) is the unit to peak expiratory flow (PEF). Useful for health projects (asthma, bariatric surgery, etc.).
Ambient Assisted Living (AAL): healthcare and smart home domains.
Ambient Assisted Living (AAL): healthcare and smart home domains. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
Fitness
Fitness and sport domains. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
Fire
Fire domain useful to classify ontologies to detect forest fire, etc. Udeful to classify ontologies within the LOV4IoT project.
has Recommendation
has Recommendation property is useful to execute rules and query Knowledge Bases (KBs), more precisely, ontologies and datasets to make suggestions.
Controller
Transducer
Pacemaker
Pacemaker used in smart healtcare to help control abnormal heart rhythms.
PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)
Before smart phone, there was PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)
Projector
M2M Application
M2MApplication use to classify ontology-based IoT projects in various domains: healthcare, smart city, IoT, smart home, etc.
Asthma Healthcare
Asthma. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
Obsesity Healthcare
Obsesity. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
Depression Healthcare
Depression. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
Wearable
Wearable. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
Robotic
Robotic. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
Flooding Environment
Flooding for Environment as an Internet of Things (IoT) applicative domain. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
ContextAwareness
ContextAwareness. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
CPS (Cyber Physical System)
CPS (Cyber Physical System). Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
Location
Location. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
WoT (Web of Things)
WoT (Web of Things). Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
Tourism
Tourism as an Internet of Things (IoT) applicative domain. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
Weather Forecasting - Meterology
Weather Forecasting as an Internet of Things (IoT) applicative domain. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
Security for IoT applications
Security domain is mainly used to reference and classify security ontologies relevant for IoT within LOV4IoT. The goal is to secure IoT applications using heterogeneous technologies such as sensor networks, cellular communications, application, network management, web, etc.
Sensor Networks
Used to reference and classify sensor ontologies in LOV4IoT.
Internet of Things (IoT)
Used to reference and classify IoT ontologies in LOV4IoT
Unit Domain
Unit Domain it is used to reference and classify unit ontologies in LOV4IoT
TrafficJam
Traffic Jam
Activity Recognition
Activity recognition as an Internet of Things (IoT) applicative domain. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
Energy - Smart Grid
Energy Monitoring Systems (EMSs) as an Internet of Things (IoT) applicative domain. Useful to classify projects and ontologies within the LOV4IoT Project.
Tracking RFID Goods
RFID can be on any goods to track them (e.g., food, DVDs, CDs).
Tracking Food
RFID can be on food, useful for a smart kitchen, a smart fridge.
Tracking CD
RFID can be on CDs for music recommendation.
Tracking DVD
RFID can be on DVDs for movie recommendation.
Tracking Clothing
RFID can be on clothes for garment suggestion for smart tourism.
Tracking Book
RFID can be on books, useful for a smart library.
Domain M2M Devices
To classify devices such as sensors by domains (health, transport, weather, home, etc.)
HealthM2MDevice
Emotion M2M Devices (sensors or actuators)
E.g., ECG
Activity M2M Devices (sensors or actuators)
E.g., accelerometer
Curtain
An actuator to automatically open/close the curtain.
Cupboard
An actuator to automatically open/close the cupboard.
Drawer
An actuator to automatically open/close the drawer.
Freezer, Chiller
An actuator to automatically open/close the freezer.
Blind
An actuator to automatically switch on/off the blind.
Shower
An actuator to automatically switch on/off the shower.
Lavatory
An actuator to automatically switch on/off the lavatory.
Sink, wash-room tap
An actuator to automatically switch on/off the sink.
Microwave
An actuator to automatically switch on/off the Microwave.
Coffee Machine, Coffee maker
An actuator to automatically switch on/off the coffe machine.
Vacuum
Fridge, refrigerator
An actuator to automatically switch on/off the fridge.
Boiler
An actuator to automatically switch on/off the boiler.
Environment M2M Devices (sensors or actuators)
EnvironmentM2MDevice
Weather M2M Devices (sensors or actuators)
WeatherM2MDevice
Road Surface Thermometer
RoadSurfaceThermometer
Wind Chill Sensor
WindChillSensor
Wind Direction Sensor
WindDirectionSensor, unit in Degree
Sun Position Direction Sensor
To detect sun from north eastm, south or west. Unit Degree
Sun Position Elevation Sensor
To detect sun state (day, twilight, night, etc). Unit Degree
Cloud Cover Sensor
M2MArchitecture
M2MGateway
M2MSensorGateway
M2MAggregationGateway
BrushTeeth
RFID Tag embedded on BrushTeeth.
Cup
RFID Tag embedded on a coffee, tea, chocolate cup.
TeaBag
RFID Tag embedded on tea bag.
RFID Tag embedded on CD
Sofa
RFID Tag embedded on Sofa
Broom
RFID Tag embedded on broom
Mop
RFID Tag embedded on mop
Pan
RFID Tag embedded on pan
Garment, Clothes
RFID Tag embedded on garments, clothes
DVD
RFID Tag embedded on DVD
Book
RFID Tag embedded on Book
ObservationValue
RFID Measurement Type
RFIDMeasurementType
Observation
Rule
hasMeasurementType
detects
observes
hasName
hasValue
This property is used to describe the value of a measurement (e.g, 39).
hasDateTimeValue
hasUnit
hasContext
hasM2MDevice
hasTechnology
hasSecurityMechanism
hasUrlOntology
To associate specific models, vocabularies or ontologies useful to build Internet of Things applications.
hasUrlDataset
To associate specific datasets useful to build Internet of Things applications.
ruleUsingM2MDevice
fromM2MApplication
hasUrlRule
hasUrlSparql
hasSparqlVariableinferTypeUri
Used to replace the inferTypeUri variable in generic sparql queries
hasSparqlVariabletypeRecommendedUri
Used to replace the typeRecommendedUri variable in generic sparql queries
hasSparqlVariabletypeDeducedUri
Used to replace the typeDeducedUri variable in generic sparql queries
State
Off
Open
Close
hasState
Mechanical Sensor
MechanicalSensor
Acoustic Sensor
Seismometer
Seismometers are instruments that measure motions of the ground, including those of seismic waves generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other seismic sources.
Optical Sensor
OpticalSensor
ThermalSensor
Odometer/Odograph
An odometer or odograph is an instrument that indicates distance traveled by a vehicle, such as bicycle or automobile.
Sound, noise level
Wind chill
AlcoholLevel
Visibility
Wind Direction
Sun Position Direction
Sun Position Elevation
Cloud Cover
Weather Precipitation
Weather Luminosity
Soil Temperature
Road Temperature
Food Temperature
Household Appliance Temperature
Number Step
Distance
An RFID tag is embedded on food.
An RFID tag is embedded on book.
An RFID tag is embedded on CD.
An RFID tag is embedded on DVD.
Clothes
An RFID tag is embedded on clothes.
Luggage
An RFID tag is embedded on luggage.
Toll
An RFID tag is embedded on electronic toll system.
Passport
An RFID tag is embedded on passport.
TransitPass
CommutationTicket/ Transit pass
Animal
An RFID tag is embedded on animal.
Payment Card
An RFID tag is embedded on payment card.
Luminous Intensity
Angular
Time
Candela
Day
Degree angle
Gram
Hour
Liter
Decibel (db)
Decibel is the unit of sound/noise level.
Okta
Okta is the unit to measure the cloud cover
Meter
Miles
mm/h
mm/h is used to measure precipitation measurements.
mmHg
mmHg unit is used to measure blood pressure measurements (systolic and diastolic).
Meter Per Second Square (m/s2)
m/s2 is used to measure acceleration measurements
Minute_angle
Minute_time
Percent
Radian
Second angle
Second time
Tonne
Year
GramPerLiter (g/L)
MmolPerLiter
MmolPerLiter unit to measure cholesterol
Gauss
Person
wears
Other
Used Within LOV4IoT to classify ontologies. For instance, adding event ontologies.
Place, Location, GPS coordinates
Hotel
Restaurant
Useful for doing recommendations.
Monument
Event
Tracking Luggage
Tracking Passport
Tracking Payment Card
Tracking Animal
RFID tags on animals to track them. Useful if our pets are lost. Useful in smart farms.
Tracking TransitPass
Tracking Toll
Air
Wind
Environment
Wave
Tsunami
Useful to classify tsunnami ontologies within the Linked Open Vocabularies for Internet of Things (LOV4IoT) project.
Sea
River
Lake
Reservoir
Estuary
Wetland
Ocean
Mountain
Hill
Military
Office
Leisure
Plant
isRecommendedFor
hasOntologyStatus
isRelatedTo
isRelatedTo property is used to link sensor data annotated with M3 ontologies to domain datasets
Alert
NothingAnormal
No Specific Recommendation